Blood tests, vitals & scans, every number explained
Every blood test, vital sign, wearable metric and imaging scan in one place — the normal range by age, sex and condition, what high and low mean, and what to do next. Written for Indian readers, grounded in clinical guidelines.
91 guides
Lab testAdiponectin Normal Range: The Fat Hormone Explained
An adiponectin level of 9-50 µg/mL is generally considered normal. Low levels are linked with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
9 min read
Albumin (ALB) Blood Test: Normal Range, High & Low
A normal serum albumin is roughly 3.5-5.5 g/dL. Low albumin can signal liver disease, malnutrition, kidney loss or inflammation. Here's how to read your result.
9 min read
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Normal Range Explained
For most adults, a normal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level is about 20-140 U/L. ALP comes from both liver/bile ducts and bone, so context decides what a high result means.
9 min read
Amylase Normal Range: What Your Blood Test Means
A normal blood amylase level sits around 25-150 U/L. Higher readings often point to the pancreas or salivary glands. Here is how to read your result.
9 min read
Anti-TPO Antibodies: Normal Range & Meaning
Anti-TPO antibodies flag autoimmune thyroid disease like Hashimoto's. A normal result is under 35 IU/mL; a positive test doesn't always mean you're ill.
9 min read
Lab testAntinuclear Antibodies (ANA): Normal Range
A normal ANA test is negative. A positive ANA is common and does not by itself mean lupus — the titre and staining pattern decide how much it matters.
9 min read
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) Normal Range Explained
A normal apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is usually under 90 mg/dL. Learn why ApoB counts atherogenic particles and when a high level matters.
9 min read
Bicarbonate (CO2) Blood Test: Normal Range
A normal blood bicarbonate (CO2) level is about 22-29 mEq/L. Low levels point to metabolic acidosis, high levels to alkalosis. Here's how to read your result.
9 min read
Blood Cadmium (Cd): Normal Range, Causes & Meaning
A normal blood cadmium level is generally at or below 0.5 µg/L. Higher levels usually reflect tobacco smoke or workplace exposure and can harm the kidneys and bones over time.
9 min read
Blood Lead Level (Pb): Normal Range Explained
A blood lead level under 5 µg/dL is the usual reference, but lead is toxic and no amount is truly safe — especially for children. Here is what your result means.
9 min read
Blood Mercury (Hg): Normal Range, Causes & Safety
A normal blood mercury level is generally up to 10 µg/L. Learn what raises it, what high results mean for the nervous system, and fish-safety advice.
9 min read
Blood Pressure: The Silent Killer Explained
One in four Indians has hypertension, but half don't know it. "Understanding whether your numbers fall into a blood pressure normal range could save your life.
15 min read
BMI Normal Range: Healthy Weight Chart & Asian Cut-offs
A normal BMI is 18.5–24.9 kg/m² by WHO standards, but Asian and Indian cut-offs are lower (overweight ≥23, obese ≥25). Here's how to read your number—and its limits.
9 min read
Body Temperature Normal Range: What's Normal in °C
Normal body temperature sits around 36.1-37.2°C, shifts through the day, and reads differently by site. Learn the °C ranges and when a temperature counts as fever.
9 min read
Bone Density (DEXA) T-Score: Chart & What It Means
A DEXA T-score grades your bone density in SD units: -1 or above is normal, -1 to -2.5 is osteopenia and -2.5 or lower is osteoporosis. Lower (more negative) is worse.
9 min read
C-Peptide Normal Range: Insulin Production Explained
A fasting C-peptide of 0.8-3.1 ng/mL is generally considered normal. This test reveals how much insulin your own pancreas is producing.
9 min read
Calcium (Ca) Blood Test: Normal Range & What It Means
A serum calcium blood test measures total calcium in your blood. The normal range for adults is 9.0-10.5 mg/dL. Here is what high and low results mean.
9 min read
Carotid IMT Normal Range: What Your Result Means
Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) under 0.9 mm is considered normal; 0.9 mm or more signals early atherosclerosis and higher cardiovascular risk.
9 min read
Chloride (Cl) Blood Test: Normal Range, High & Low
A normal blood chloride sits between 96 and 106 mEq/L. This quiet electrolyte helps balance your body's acids and fluids. Here's how to read a high or low result.
9 min read
Cholesterol: Beyond Good and Bad
LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and the ratios that actually matter for your heart health.
14 min read
Lab testComplement C3: Normal Range and What It Means
A complement C3 blood test measures an immune-system protein. A normal result sits within the standard reference range; a low C3 can signal active autoimmune or kidney disease.
9 min read
Complement C4: Normal Range and Meaning
A normal complement C4 sits around 10–50 mg/dL. A low C4 is the finding that matters most — it can signal an active lupus flare or hereditary angioedema.
9 min read
Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Score: Chart & Meaning
A coronary artery calcium (CAC) score measures calcified plaque in your heart arteries. 0 is best; scores rise through 1-99, 100-399 and 400+ as heart risk increases.
9 min read
Cortisol Normal Range: Morning Levels Explained
A normal morning cortisol is roughly 6-23 µg/dL when blood is drawn in the early morning. Learn why timing matters and what high or low results suggest.
9 min read
Creatine Kinase (CPK) Normal Range Explained
A normal creatine kinase (CPK) is usually under 400 U/L. Learn what raises it, the higher athlete range, and when a high CK matters.
9 min read
CRP and Inflammation: Your Body's Fire Alarm
Chronic inflammation is linked to heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. hs-CRP and ESR can reveal hidden inflammation before symptoms appear.
14 min read
Deep & REM Sleep: Normal Range and What's Healthy
Deep sleep and REM sleep each normally make up roughly 15-30% of a night's sleep. See what each stage does, the healthy ranges, and why wearables only estimate them.
9 min read
DHEA-S Normal Range: What Your Result Means
A normal DHEA-S is broadly 80-640 µg/dL, though it falls steadily with age. Learn what high DHEA-S (often PCOS or adrenal causes) and low levels mean.
9 min read
Ejection Fraction (EF / LVEF): Normal Range Explained
A normal ejection fraction (LVEF) is 50% or higher. Learn what your echo or MRI EF number means, why higher-normal is reassuring, and what reduced EF signals.
9 min read
Eosinophil Count (AEC): Normal Range & High Eosinophils
A normal eosinophil count is 0.6-8% of white blood cells, with an absolute count (AEC) under 500 cells/µL. Learn what high eosinophils mean and when to see a doctor.
9 min read
ESR Normal Range: What a High ESR Really Means
The ESR normal range is generally 0-20 mm/hr. A raised ESR points to inflammation somewhere in the body, but it is non-specific and must be read alongside your symptoms.
9 min read
Faecal Calprotectin Normal Range: What Your Stool Test Means
A faecal calprotectin under 100 µg/g is generally considered normal. Learn what high results mean for IBD, IBS and gut inflammation.
9 min read
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS): Normal Range by Age
A fasting blood sugar of 70-99 mg/dL is normal; 100-125 mg/dL signals prediabetes and 126 mg/dL or higher points to diabetes. See how targets shift by age and condition.
9 min read
Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Normal Range & Results
A fecal occult blood test looks for hidden blood in stool. A normal result is negative; a positive result needs follow-up, usually a colonoscopy.
9 min read
Ferritin Test: Normal Range, High & Low Levels
Ferritin reflects your body's stored iron. A general normal range is about 20-300 ng/mL, with different floors for women, men and pregnancy.
9 min read
Folate (Vitamin B9): Normal Range, Deficiency & Pregnancy
A serum folate of 5-20 ng/mL is generally normal. Learn what low folate means, why it is tied to vitamin B12, and why folic acid matters in pregnancy.
9 min read
GAD65 Antibodies: Normal Range & Meaning
GAD65 antibodies flag autoimmune diabetes (type 1 and LADA) rather than type 2. A normal result is generally 0-10 U/mL; higher values suggest an immune attack on the pancreas.
9 min read
GGT Normal Range: Liver Test Levels Explained
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) is a liver and bile-duct enzyme. A normal GGT is roughly 0-38 U/L in women and 0-55 U/L in men; higher levels often point to alcohol or fatty liver.
9 min read
H. Pylori Antigen Test: Normal Range & Results
A normal H. pylori stool antigen result is negative, meaning no active infection was detected. Learn how positive vs negative results are interpreted and what a high value means.
8 min read
HbA1c: The Number That Predicts Your Next 10 Years
Why 40% of Indians with diabetes don't know they have it — and how a single test can reveal your metabolic trajectory before symptoms appear.
15 min read
Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Normal Range Guide
Heart rate variability (HRV) measures the tiny timing differences between heartbeats. For RMSSD, roughly 30 ms and above is a healthy range; higher is generally better and very individual.
9 min read
Homocysteine (Hcy): Normal Range & What It Means
A normal homocysteine level is below 12 µmol/L. Learn what higher readings mean for your heart and brain, and why B-vitamin status matters in Indian diets.
9 min read
Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Normal Range & Meaning
Total IgE is an antibody that rises in allergies, asthma, eczema and parasitic infections. A normal adult level is generally up to about 100 IU/mL.
9 min read
Insulin Resistance: The Prediabetes Warning Sign
Years before diabetes develops, insulin resistance is already damaging your health. HOMA-IR and fasting insulin can catch it early.
14 min read
Iron & Anemia: Reading Your Complete Blood Count
Anemia affects 50% of Indian women. Understanding hemoglobin, ferritin, and iron studies can help you catch deficiency before it becomes severe.
15 min read
Kidney Function: Understanding Creatinine and eGFR
Your kidneys filter 180 liters of blood daily. Learn to read creatinine, BUN, and eGFR to catch kidney problems before they become serious.
15 min read
Lactate Normal Range: What Your Blood Level Means
A normal blood lactate is roughly 0-2.2 mmol/L. Higher levels can signal poor tissue oxygen delivery, intense exercise, or serious illness like sepsis.
9 min read
LDH Blood Test: Normal Range and What It Means
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) is a general marker of tissue damage. For most adults the normal range sits around 0-300 U/L, though the exact cut-off varies by lab and method.
9 min read
Lipase Normal Range: What Your Blood Test Means
A lipase blood test measures a pancreatic enzyme. A typical adult reference range is about 6-100 U/L; markedly high levels point to pancreatitis.
9 min read
Lipoprotein(a) Normal Range: What Your Lp(a) Means
A normal Lipoprotein(a) is below 30 mg/dL. This inherited particle is an independent heart-disease risk factor that runs higher in many South Asians.
9 min read
Liver Function Tests: What Your LFT Really Means
ALT, AST, GGT, bilirubin — decoding your liver panel to catch fatty liver, hepatitis, and other issues before they progress.
16 min read
Lymphocytes (ALC): Normal Range, High & Low
Lymphocytes usually make up about 20-45% of your white blood cells. Learn what high (lymphocytosis) and low (lymphopenia) results mean and when to act.
9 min read
Magnesium (Mg) Blood Test: Normal Range Explained
A normal serum magnesium level is 1.7-2.5 mg/dL. Learn what low magnesium (cramps, palpitations) and high magnesium mean, and why it links to potassium and calcium.
9 min read
MCV Blood Test: Normal Range & What It Means
The MCV normal range is roughly 80-100 fL. A low MCV points to smaller red cells (often iron deficiency or thalassemia), while a high MCV points to larger cells (often B12 or folate deficiency).
9 min read
Methylmalonic Acid (MMA): Normal Range & B12 Status
A normal methylmalonic acid level is up to 0.4 µmol/L. Learn why raised MMA is an early, sensitive sign of vitamin B12 deficiency, even when serum B12 looks borderline.
9 min read
Microalbumin (ACR): Urine Test Normal Range
A urine microalbumin under 30 mg/L is normal. Higher levels are an early warning sign of kidney strain, especially with diabetes or high blood pressure.
9 min read
Neutrophils (ANC): Normal Range, High & Low
A normal neutrophil result is about 40-75% of your white cells. Learn what high (neutrophilia) and low (neutropenia) counts mean and when they need review.
9 min read
Omega-3 Index Normal Range and What It Means
A normal Omega-3 Index is generally 7.1% and above, with the higher end most desirable. Learn what a low index means and how to raise it.
9 min read
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Normal Range
A parathyroid hormone (PTH) test measures the hormone that controls your blood calcium. The typical normal range is 15-80 pg/mL, but PTH is always interpreted alongside calcium and vitamin D.
9 min read
Phosphorus / Phosphate (PO₄): Normal Range
A serum phosphorus (phosphate) test measures phosphate in your blood. The normal adult range is 2.5-4.5 mg/dL. Here is what high and low levels mean.
9 min read
Platelet Count (PLT): Normal Range & What It Means
A normal platelet count is 150-400 x10³/µL. Understand low platelets in dengue and viral fevers, high counts, and when a falling count needs urgent care.
9 min read
Postprandial (PP) Blood Sugar Normal Range
A normal post-prandial (PP) blood sugar is under 140 mg/dL two hours after a meal. Learn the full mg/dL bands and how PP differs from fasting glucose and HbA1c.
9 min read
Potassium (K) Blood Test: Normal Range Explained
A normal blood potassium level is 3.5-5.1 mEq/L. Learn what high and low readings mean, why extreme values are medical emergencies, and the haemolysed-sample caveat.
9 min read
Prolactin (PRL): Normal Range & What High Means
Prolactin is the hormone behind breast-milk production. A typical result sits between 2 and 40 ng/mL; high levels can disrupt periods, fertility and more.
9 min read
PSA Normal Range: What a Prostate Blood Test Means
A PSA blood test screens the prostate. For most men the normal range is under about 4 ng/mL, but a raised result is often not cancer — here's what it means.
9 min read
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PASP): Normal Range on Echo
A normal echo-estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) is under 35 mmHg. Learn what higher readings mean, how echo screens for pulmonary hypertension, and when to see a cardiologist.
9 min read
Respiratory Rate (RR): Normal Range by Age
A normal respiratory rate is about 12-20 breaths per minute for adults, but children breathe faster. See the breaths-per-minute ranges by age and what tachypnoea signals.
9 min read
Resting Heart Rate (RHR): Normal Range by Age
A normal adult resting heart rate is 50-100 bpm, and 40-60 bpm is common in trained athletes. See how it changes by age, fitness and pregnancy.
9 min read
SGOT (AST) Normal Range: Liver Test Explained
SGOT (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart and muscles. A normal AST is about 0-40 U/L; higher levels can reflect the liver, but also heart or muscle strain.
9 min read
SGPT (ALT) Normal Range: Liver Test Explained
SGPT (ALT) is the liver enzyme most specific to liver-cell damage. A normal SGPT is about 0-40 U/L; higher levels often point to fatty liver, alcohol, hepatitis or medicines.
9 min read
SHBG Normal Range and What Your Result Means
A normal SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) is roughly 10-100 nmol/L. Low SHBG is common in insulin resistance and PCOS. Here is what high and low results mean.
9 min read
Sleep Duration: Normal Range and What Your Hours Mean
Most adults do best on 7 to 9 hours of sleep. Learn how wearables track sleep duration, and what sleeping too little or too much may signal.
9 min read
Sleep Efficiency Normal Range: What 85% Means
Sleep efficiency measures the percentage of time in bed that you actually spend asleep. A score of 85% or higher is generally considered good.
8 min read
Sodium (Na) Blood Test: Normal Range, High & Low
A normal blood sodium sits between 135 and 145 mEq/L. It reflects your body's water balance more than your salt intake. Here's how to read a high or low result.
9 min read
SpO2 (Blood Oxygen) Normal Range Explained
A normal blood oxygen (SpO2) reading is 94-100%. Learn how pulse oximeters and wearables measure it, when a low number needs urgent care, and what causes false readings.
9 min read
Stress Level Score Explained: What Your Wearable Means
Your wearable's stress score is usually an HRV-derived estimate from 0 (relaxed) to 100 (extreme stress). Here's what the number means and where it falls short.
9 min read
Testosterone Levels: Normal Range by Age and Sex
A normal total testosterone is about 300-1000 ng/dL in adult men and 8-70 ng/dL in adult women. Here is what your result means by age, sex and condition.
9 min read
Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI) Normal Range
TSI confirms Graves' disease. A normal thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin result is roughly 0 to 1.3%; higher values point to autoimmune hyperthyroidism.
9 min read
Total Bilirubin (TBIL): Normal Range & What It Means
A normal total bilirubin is about 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL. Learn what high bilirubin means, why jaundice appears, and when a raised level is serious.
9 min read
Total Protein (TP) Blood Test: Normal Range Explained
A normal total protein is about 6 to 9 g/dL. It combines albumin and globulins, and the A/G ratio helps separate liver, kidney and immune causes. Here's how to read your result.
9 min read
Troponin I (cTnI): Normal Range & What High Means
Troponin I is the key blood test for heart muscle injury. Learn the normal range, what a high result means, and why chest pain needs emergency care.
9 min read
VitalUnderstanding Blood Pressure: A Complete Guide to Every Index We Calculate
Your blood pressure reading is more than two numbers. Learn what systolic, diastolic, pulse pressure, MAP, and 8 other cardiovascular indices reveal about your heart — and what you can do about each one.
18 min read
Understanding Your Thyroid Panel: Beyond TSH
TSH, T3, T4, and antibodies — what each marker tells you and why the reference range might not be optimal for you.
16 min read
Uric Acid (UA): Normal Range for Men & Women
A serum uric acid level of roughly 2.0-7.0 mg/dL is considered normal, though women have a lower ceiling than men. Here is what your result means for gout and kidney health.
9 min read
Urine Arsenic: Normal Range Explained
A urine arsenic result under 35 µg/L is the usual reference, but this test reflects recent exposure — and seafood can push it up temporarily. Here is what your number means.
9 min read
Lab testVitamin B12: The Vegetarian's Dilemma
Why 47% of Indians are B12 deficient, the neurological risks you can't ignore, and how to optimize this critical nutrient.
14 min read
Vitamin D: India's Silent Epidemic
Despite 300 days of sunshine, 70-90% of Indians are Vitamin D deficient. A doctor explains why this happens and what you can actually do about it.
12 min read
VO2 Max Normal Range: Charts by Age and Sex
VO2 max measures your cardiorespiratory fitness in mL/kg/min. For adults a healthy score is roughly 36+ for men and 30+ for women, with higher being better.
9 min read
WBC Count Normal Range: High & Low Explained
A normal white blood cell count is 4.5-11 x10³/µL. Learn what high and low WBC results mean, how pregnancy shifts the range, and when to see a doctor.
9 min read
Women's Hormones: From PCOS to Menopause
FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, AMH — understanding the hormonal tests that matter at every stage of a woman's life.
18 min read
Zinc (Zn) Blood Test: Normal Range, High & Low
A serum zinc test measures the zinc circulating in your blood. The normal range is 60-140 µg/dL; low levels can cause poor immunity, hair loss and slow wound healing.
9 min read
What’s inside this reference library
Whether you’re holding a blood test report, a set of vitals from a health checkup, or the results of an imaging scan, the hard part is rarely getting the number — it’s knowing what it means. Each guide here takes one measurement, explains its normal range for Indian adults, and walks through what a high or low result can point to.
Blood & lab tests
From a complete blood count (CBC) — your red blood cell, haemoglobin and white cell numbers — to the lipid profile, HbA1c, thyroid, and kidney and liver function tests. Each guide covers the normal range and what different blood test results mean.
Vitals & wearables
Blood pressure, resting heart rate, blood oxygen (SpO₂), heart rate variability and VO₂ max — the everyday health checks you get in a clinic or from a smartwatch — with the normal ranges and what a reading outside them can signal.